Bladder Stones

Description

A 3D model of the urinary bladder containing vesical calculi (bladder stones) of varying sizes. The stones sit within the bladder lumen, and the bladder wall is modeled with enough detail to show the mucosal lining and detrusor muscle around them. The stones vary in size and surface texture, reflecting the different compositions that bladder stones can take, from smooth uric acid stones to rougher calcium oxalate formations. Bladder stones form when urine concentrates and minerals crystallize, often in association with urinary stasis, infection, or bladder outlet obstruction. They can grow large enough to cause pain, hematuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. The model is useful for urology education, patient counseling before cystolitholapaxy or surgical removal, and teaching about the relationship between stone disease and bladder function. All structures verified by a medical advisory board. Clean geometry for rendering, real-time, and 3D printing.